Share This

| More
Showing posts with label Reading Comprehension Test. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Reading Comprehension Test. Show all posts

Tips Sukses Ujian / Tes TOEFL

Test Of English Foreign Language (TOEFL) dewasa ini banyak dipergunakan sebagai bagian dari tahap seleksi oleh suatu instansi, baik untuk tes masuk S2 (skor min : 450), tes mendapatkan beasiswa (skor min : 500) maupun tes penerimaan ODP Bank Mandiri (skor min : 450). Pembahasan mengenai materi TOEFL telah sering disampaikan. Untuk itu berikut ini akan diulas tips lengkap dari sisi lain, agar Anda dapat sukses dalam mengambil ujian TOEFL :

1. Siapkan Kemampuan Otodidak. Sebelum mengambil TOEFL Preparation Program ataupun TOEFL Test Program, akan lebih tepat apabila anda mengoptimalkan skill anda secara otodidak terlebih dahulu. Karena apabila skill anda masih sangat kurang, TOEFL Preparation akan menjadi sia-sia. Buku Barron’s lebih dari cukup untuk membantu anda dalam tahap belajar otodidak ini, karena telah dilengkapi penjelasan-penjelasan praktis tentang grammar, reading, kaset untuk kebutuhan listening serta soal-soal latihan lengkap dengan pembahasannya

2. Berlatih Listening. Berlatih listening tidak harus menggunakan kaset percakapan dalam tes TOEFL, namun bisa dibuat lebih menyenangkan sehingga anda tidak bosan dalam berlatih. Sediakan waktu setidaknya 2 jam sehari untuk mendengarkan percakapan bahasa inggris melalui media-media umum seperti siaran BBC, Menonton acara National Geographics atau bahkan menonton film berbahasa inggris (tanpa text yach...)

3. Berlatih Reading. Untuk memudahkan dalam berlatih reading ala TOEFL adalah berlatihlah membaca cepat dan memahami makna secara kalimat atau secara paragraf. Jangan terpaku pada kata per kata. Hal ini akan melatih anda dalam hal "paraphrase" (menyimpulkan makna secara singkat) dan pronoun (Penggunaan he, she, it, dst sebagai pengganti orang I/II/III) dari sebuah paragraf.

4. Mencari Lawan Bicara. Hal ini akan melatih anda dalam mendengarkan untuk kemudian berbicara. Disini anda dilatih untuk menyusun kata-kata secara terstuktur berdasarkan dasar-dasar pemahaman anda pada poin 1.


5. Berlatih Soal. Berlatih soal berguna bagi Anda untuk memahami model-model soal tes TOEFL. Sehingga semakin sering anda berlatih, maka semakin familiar anda dengan soal-soal TOEFL. Untuk berlatih dengan soal TOEFL, anda bisa medownload di sini

6. Tenang. Setelah anda melakukan cara-cara persiapan di atas, tiba waktunya anda berhadapan dengan ujian TOEFL. Yang perlu Anda perhatikan adalah : tenang. Jangan terburu-buru menjawab, kerjakan soal dengan tenang.

7. Konsentrasi. Konsentrasi merupakan salah satu faktor kunci keberhasilan anda dalam TOEFL khususnya untuk sesi listening, karena materi soal dan pertanyaan tidak akn pernah diulang. Sehingga sekali terlewatkan 3-4 kata maka anda berarti telah melawatkan 1 buah soal.

8. Jangan Terpaku Pada 1 Soal. Mengingat waktu yang diberikan sangat terbatas, biasakan jangan terlalu lama untuk menjawab satu soal. Apabila satu soal sepertinya sulit, tinggalkan soal tersebut dengan cepat dan lanjutkan dengan soal berikutnya. Gunakan waktu sisa untuk mengulang soal yang ada, hal ini hanya berlaku untuk sesi grammer dan reading

Tetap semangat dan terus tingkatkan kemampuan Anda dalam berbahasa Inggris.
Semoga tips dari saya bisa membantu Anda semua.
Salam sukses..!
See you on TOP!!
READ MORE - Tips Sukses Ujian / Tes TOEFL

Soal Test TOEFL saat TOEFL Prediction for MBEC 2008

Soal Test TOEFL saat TOEFL Prediction for MBEC 2008
September 2008
Mercu Buana English Club (MBEC)
Download File soal TOEFL Prediction, click in here.

Choose the best answer and cross (A), (B), (C) or (D) in your answer sheet!
Structure and Written Expression


1. From 1949 onward ,the artist Georgia O’Keeffe
made New Mexico -----.
(A) her permanent residence was
(B) where her permanent residence
(C) permanent residence for her
(D) her permanent residence

2. Just as remote-controlled satellites can be
employed to explore outer space, ---- employed
to investigate the deep sea.
(A) can be robots
(B) robots can be
(C) can robots
(D) can robots that are

3. In --- people, the areas of the brain that control
speech are located in the left hemisphere.
(A) mostly of
(B) most
(C) almost the
(D) the most of

4. Stars shine because of ---- produced by the
nuclear reactions taking place within them.
(A) the amount of light and heat is
(B) which the amount of light and heat
(C) the amount of light and heat that it is
(D) the amount of light and heat

5. ---- is not clear to researchers.
(A) Why dinosaurs having become extinct.
(B) Why dinosaurs became extinct
(C) Did dinosaurs become extinct
(D) Dinosaurs became extinct



6. Although many people use the word “milk” to
refer to cow’s milk,--- to milk from any
mammal, including human milk and goat’s milk.
(A) applying it also
(B) applies also
(C) it also applies
(D) but it also applies

7. The first transatlantic telephone cable system
was not established --- 1956.
(A) while
(B) until
(C) on
(D) when

8. ---- on two people think exactly alike, there will always be disagreement, but disagreement
should not always be avoided: it can be healthy
if handled creatively.
(A) There are
(B) Why
(C) That
(D) Because

9. Drinking water ---- excessive amounts of
fluorides may leave a stained or mottled effect
on the enamel of teeth.
(A) containing
(B) in which containing
(C) contains
(D) that contain

10. In the 1820’s physical education became --- of
the curriculum of Harvard and Yale
Universities.
(A) to be part
(B) which was part
(C) was part
(D) part

11. Pewter, ---- for eating and drinking utensils in
colonial America, is about ninety percent tin,
with copper or bismuth added for hardness.
(A) was widely used
(B) widely used it
(C) widely used
(D) which widely used

12. A moth possesses two pairs of wings --- as a
single pair and are covered with dust like
scales.
(A) function
(B) are functioning
(C) that function
(D) but functions

13. Soap operas, a type of television drama series,
are so called because, at first they were ----.
(A) often which soap manufacturers
(B) sponsored often soap manufactures
(C) often sponsored by soap manufacturers
(D) soap manufactures often sponsored them

14. The Woolworth Building in New York was the
highest in America when --- in 1913 and was
famous for its use of Gothic decorative
detail.
(A) built
(B) it built
(C) was built
(D) built it

15. Humans,----, interact through communicative
behavior by means of signs or symbols used
conventionally.
(A) like other animals
(B) how other animals
(C) other animals that
(D) do other animals


Choose the wrong word/choice which must be replaced to another word. Circle that!
16. More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.
A B C D
17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written and direction by George
A B C D
Lucas.
18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate have a yearly cycle.
A B C D
19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown to them and from
A B C
describing distinctive features of individual places.
D
20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act like people while retaining its
A B C D
animal traits.
21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for the clustering of government
A B C
buildings was Washington.
D
22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbed primarily by water molecule,
A B
caused heat to spread through the food .
C D
23. The cultures early of the genus Home were generally distinguished by regular use of stone tools and
A B C
by a hunting and gathering economy.
D
24.Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlike porpoises, have
A B C
well-defined beaklike snouts and conical teeth.
D
25.The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and the rough of the riverbed.
A B C D
26.The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing, preservation, and reproducing
A B C
sound.
D
27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped by commercial systems, governmental
A B C D
actions, and cultural traditions.

28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to make solutions that readily
A B C
transmits electricity.
D
29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they could exploit metallic mineral
A B
deposits was an important milestone in the development civilization.
C D
30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler, a Republican, became the first member of her party to serving as president of
A B C
the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.
D
31.General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves a complete loss
A B
consciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.
C D
32.After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard, European settlers in North
A B C
America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.
D
33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24 kilometers per hour to catch
A B C D
lizards and small rodents.
34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, the presence of the thymus gland
A B C
is essentially.
D
35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned with the environmental causes A B
of ill and how to eliminate them.
C D
36. By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from the countryside, had caused
A B C
New York City’s population to swell.
D
37. By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we find evidence that those
A B
languages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.
C D
38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions of all of the bright stars
A B C
and many of the faint one .
D
39. In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as the Comanche’s, lived a
A B C
nomadic existence hunting buffalo
D
40.The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sea level.
A B C D

Reading Comprehension

Question 1-9
The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing
mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and
porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not
line as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.
(5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent
environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit
of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in
the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a
small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.
(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for
insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food,
by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight
of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that
fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s face. Walking or leaping species of a
(15) similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the
whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with
their hands.
Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large
climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the
(20) high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve
a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing
on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is
seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body.
Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds
(25) an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that
yield these foods can be sparse.



1. The passage answers which of the following
questions?
(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?
(B) How does an animal’s body size influence
an animal’s need for food?
(C) Why does the rain forest provide an
unusual variety of food for animals?
(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the
upper canopy of the rain forest?

2.Which of the following animals is less common
in the upper canopy than in other
environments?
(A) Monkeys
(B) Cats
(C) Porcupines
(D) Mice

3. The word “they” in line 4 refers to
(A) trees
(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size
(C) smaller species
(D) high tropical canopies

4. According to paragraph 2, which of the
following is true about the small mammals in
the rain forest?
(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to
life in the canopy.
(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of
the canopy to that of other environments.
(C) They have difficulty with the changing
conditions in the canopy.
(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter
from heat and cold.

5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the
author indicates that
(A) small animals require proportionately more
food than larger animals do
(B) a large animal’s size is an advantage in
obtaining food in the canopy
(C) small animals are often attacked by large
animals in the rain forest
(D) small animals and large animals are
equally adept at obtaining food in the
canopy

6. The word “typify” in line 19 is closest in
meaning to
(A) resemble
(B) protect
(C) characterize
(D) divide

7. According to paragraph 4, what makes
jumping from one tree crown to another
difficult for small mammals?
(A) Air friction against the body surface
(B) The thickness of the branches
(C) The dense leaves of the tree crown
(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands

8. The word ‘supplement” in line 24 is closest in
meaning to
(A) control
(B) replace
(C) look for
(D) add to
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) canopy(line 1)
(B) warm blooded(line 5)
(c) terminal leaves(line13)
(D) springboard(line 21)


Question 10-19
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the
contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly
formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women
line were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant
5) poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary
history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing
she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the
United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these
Centuries, women remained invisible in history books.
(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts
of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts,
were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical
in their selection and use of sources.
During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of
(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional,
and local women’s organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal
correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources
from the core of the two greatest collections of women’s history in the United States one at
the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the Sophia
(20) Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later
Generations of historians.
Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth
Century, most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory of
History, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on “great men.” To
(25) demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female
authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women
produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as
reformers, activists working for women’s right to vote, or authors, and were not
representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people
(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.


10. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The role of literature in early American
histories
(B) The place of American women in written
histories
(C) The keen sense of history shown by
American women
(D)The “great women” approach to history
used by American historians

11. The word “contemporary” in line 5 means
that the history was
(A) informative
(B) written at that time
(C) thoughtful
(D) faultfinding

12. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and
Adams are mentioned to show that
(A) a woman’s status was changed by marriage
(B) even the contributions of outstanding
women were ignored
(C) only three women were able to get their
writing published
(D) poetry produced by women was more
readily accepted than other writing by
women

13. The word “celebratory” in line 12 means that
the writings referred to were
(A) related to parties
(B) religious
(C) serious
(D) full of praise

14. The word “they” in line 12 refers to
(A) efforts
(B) authors
(C) counterparts
(D) sources

15. In the second paragraph, what weakness in
nineteenth-century histories does the author
point out?
(A) They put too much emphasis on daily
activities
(B) They left out discussion of the influence of
money on politics.
(C) The sources of the information they were
based on were not necessarily accurate.
(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.

16. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?
(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential
election results
(B) Biographies of John Adams
(C) Letters from a mother to a daughter
advising her how to handle a family
problem
(D) Books about famous graduates of the
country’s first college

17. What use was made of the nineteenth-century
women’s history materials in the Schlesinger
Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?
(A) They were combined and published in a
multivolume encyclopedia
(B) They formed the basis of college courses in
the nineteenth century.
(C) They provided valuable information for
twentieth—century historical researchers.
(D) They were shared among women’s colleges
throughout the United States.

18. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all
of the following as possible roles of
nineteenth-century “great women” EXCEPT
(A) authors
(B) reformers
(C) activists for women’s rights
(D) politicians

19. The word “representative” in line 29 is closest
in meaning to
(A) typical
(B) satisfied
(C) supportive
(D) distinctive




Question 20-29
The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were
Marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous
Lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style
Line was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures,
(5) and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often
deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to
imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art
Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically
Termed “art glass.” Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect
(10) pon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.
France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among
The most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort
Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of
Glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized
(15) today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese,
and Persian motifs.
The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915,
Although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920’s. It was eventually to be
Overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since
(20) the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and
designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First
World War. The basic tenet of the movement-that function should determine from-was
not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: from should be simple, surfaces
plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design
(25) concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the
preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of
glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline
and complex textural surfaces.



21. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?
(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style
(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style
(C) Production techniques for art glass
(D) Color combinations typical of the Art
Nouveau style

22. The word “one” in line 4 refers to
(A) century
(B) development
(C) style
(D) coloration

23. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass
was sometimes similar to which aspect of
ancient buried glass?
(A) The distortion of the glass
(B) The appearance of the glass surface
(C) The shapes of the glass objects
(D) The size of the glass objects


24. The word “prized” in line 14 is closest in
meaning to
(A) valued
(B) universal
(C) uncommon
(D) preserved

25. The word “overtaken” in line 19 is closest
in meaning to
(A) surpassed
(B) inclined
(C) expressed
(D) applied

26. What does the author mean by stating that
“function should determine form” (line 22)?
(A) A useful object should not be attractive.
(B) The purpose of an object should influence
its form.
(C) The design of an object is considered more
significant than its function.
(D) The form of an object should not include
decorative elements.

27. It can be inferred from the passage that one
reason Functionalism became popular was
that it
(A) clearly distinguished between art and
design
(B) appealed to people who liked complex
painted designs
(C) reflected a common desire to break from
the past
(D) was easily interpreted by the general public

28. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following
statements about Functionalism?
(A) Its design concept avoided geometric
shapes.
(B) It started on a small scale and then
spread gradually.
(C) It was a major force in the decorative arts
before the First World War.
(D) It was not attractive to architects all
designers.

29. According to the passage, an object made in
the Art Nouveau style would most likely
include
(A) a flowered design
(B) bright colors
(C) modern symbols
(D) a textured surface




Question 30
During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps
only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers
move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacier
line like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Sub glacial streams of melt water
(5) water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice
and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill Surge glaciers also might
be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these
glaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.
(10) Some 800 years ago, Alaska’s Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and
advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this scenery-mile-long river of ice has been
flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In
June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a
western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbard’s surge
(15) closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800
feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.
About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If
enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, West Antarctic ice shelves could
rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern
(20) Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea
levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious
cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earth’s albedo and
lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears
to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glaciations),
(25) called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning
of the Ice Age.



30.What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The classification of different types of
surge glaciers
(B) The causes and consequences of surge
glaciers
(C) The definition of a surge glacier
(D) The history of a particular surge glacier

31.The word “intervals” in line 2 is closest in
meaning to
(A) records
(B) speeds
(C) distances
(D) periods

32.The author compares the surging motion of a
surge glacier to the movement of a
(A) fish
(B) wave
(C) machine
(D) boat

33.Which of the following does the author
mention as a possible cause of surging
glaciers?
(A) The decline in sea levels
(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean
waves
(C) The shifting Antarctic ice shelves
(D) The pressure of melt water underneath the
glacier

34.The word “freeing” in line 7 is closest in
meaning to
(A) pushing
(B) releasing
(C) strengthening
(D) draining

35. According to the passage, the Hubbard
Glacier
(A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier
(B) began movement toward the sea in 1895
(C) is 800 feet wide
(D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day
36. Yakutat is the name of
(A) an Alaskan town
(B) the last ice age
(C) a surge glacier
(D) an Antarctic ice shelf

37.The word “plunge” in line 20 is closest in
meaning to
(A) drop
(B) extend
(C) melt
(D) drift

38.The term “vicious cycle” in lines 21-22 refers
to the
(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers
(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the
temperature of tropical areas
(C) effect that repeated rising sea levels might
have on glacial ice
(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to
the Gulf of Alaska

39.The author provides a definition for which of
the following terms?
(A) Tributary (line 14)
(B) Ice dam (line 15)
(C) Albedo (line 22)
(D) Interglacial (line 24)

40.Which of the following statements is
supported by the passage?
(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be
prevented.
(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge
glaciers.
(C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic ice
shelves.
(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on
Earth’s climate.


Question 40-50
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may
become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family,
traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases,
line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although
(5) there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally
through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades
of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural
leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common;
(10) rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that
meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,
research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by
different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion
(15) of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things”
done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the
collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned
with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group
members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members
(20) expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide
support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group
members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of
the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to
(25) others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is
subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor ,and try to
resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles
suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members;
instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote
distant respect.


41.What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The problems faced by leaders
(B) How leadership differs in small and
large groups
(C) How social groups determine who will
lead them
(D) The role of leaders in social groups

42. The passage mentions all of the following
ways by which people can become leaders
EXCEPT
(A) recruitment
(B) formal election process
(C) specific leadership training
(D) traditional cultural patterns

43. In mentioning “natural leaders” in lines 8-9,
the author is making the point that
(A) few people qualify as “natural leaders”
(B) there is no proof that “natural leaders”
exist
(C) “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the
members of a social group
(D) “natural leaders” share a similar set of
characteristics

44.Which of the following statements about
leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
(A) A person who is an effective leader of a
particular group may not be an effective
leader in another group.
(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership
role with another person.
(C) A person can best learn how to be an
effective leader by studying research on
leadership.
(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can
produce little evidence of their
qualifications.

45.The passage indicates that instrumental
leaders generally focus on
(A) ensuring harmonious relationships
(B) sharing responsibility with group members
(C) identifying new leaders
(D) achieving a goal

46.The word “collective” in line 17 is closest in
meaning to
(A) necessary
(B) typical
(C) group
(D) particular

47.The word “them” in line 19 refers to
(A) expressive leaders
(B) goals of the group
(C) group members
(D) tension and conflict

48. A “secondary relationship” mentioned in
line 22 between a leader and the members
of a group could best be characterized as
(A) distant
(B) enthusiastic
(C) unreliable
(D) personal

49.The word “resolve” in line 27 is closest in
meaning to
(A) avoid repeating
(B) talk about
(C) avoid thinking about
(D) find a solution for

50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion
of leadership primarily in term of
(A) examples that illustrate a problem
(B) cause and effect analysis
(C) narration of events
(D) comparison and contrast



This is the end of all Section…
Please check your answers again…
Keep up your spirit…

Tetap semangat dan terus tingkatkan kemampuan Anda dalam berbahasa Inggris.
Semoga tips dari saya bisa membantu Anda semua.
Salam sukses..!
See you on TOP!!
READ MORE - Soal Test TOEFL saat TOEFL Prediction for MBEC 2008

Test 1 Question 20 - 30

Question 20 - 30
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only
in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the
availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way to
Line prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the
(5) cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail
Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and
condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low
because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned
stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all
(10) kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.
Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary
their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and
vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers
and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer
(15) periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to
six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the
1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants,
(20) most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and
remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.
Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat
mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could
afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously
(25) unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.



20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Causes of food spoilage
(B) Commercial production of ice
(C) Inventions that led to changes in the American diet
(D) Population movements in the nineteenth century

21. The phrase “in season” in line 2 refers to
(A) a kind of weather
(B) a particular time of year
(C) an official schedule
(D) a method of flavoring food

22. The word “prevent” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) estimate
(B) avoid
(C) correct
(D) confine

23. During the 1860's, canned food products were
(A) unavailable in rural areas
(B) shipped in refrigerator cars
(C) available in limited quantities
(D) a staple part of the American diet

24. It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use
(A) before 1860
(B) before 1890
(C) after 1900
(D) after 1920

25. The word “them ” in line 14 refers to
(A) refrigerator cars
(B) perishables
(C) growers
(D) distances

26. The word “fixture” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) luxury item
(B) substance
(C) commonplace object
(D) mechanical device

27. The author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice
(A) decreased in number
(B) were on an irregular schedule
(C) increased in cost
(D) occurred only in the summer

28. The word “Nevertheless” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) therefore
(B) because
(C) occasionally
(D) however

29. Which of the following types of food preservation was NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) Drying
(B) Canning
(C) Cold storage
(D) Chemical additives

30. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
(A) Tin cans and iceboxes helped to make many foods more widely available.
(B) Commercial ice factories were developed by railroad owners.
(C) Most farmers in the United States raised only fruits and vegetables.
(D) People who lived in cities demanded home delivery of foods.

Tetap semangat dan terus tingkatkan kemampuan Anda dalam berbahasa Inggris.
Semoga tips dari saya bisa membantu Anda semua.
Salam sukses..!
See you on TOP!!
READ MORE - Test 1 Question 20 - 30

Test 1 Question 9 - 19

Question 9 - 19
Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter
especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food
Line reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in
(5) dense vegetation or enter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the ground and
ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering is magnified by
several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers,
bluebirds, and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air,
so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together were found to
(10) reduce their heat losses by a quarter and three together saved a third of their heat.
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information centers.” During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very
large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed well, but others may
have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that when the birds set out
(15) again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to
follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate
different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits. The common
kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very
similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area. The common kestrel roosts and
(20) hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can
learn from others where to find insect swarms.
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a
few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is
partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially
(25) vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of
prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch
small birds perching at the margins of the roost.


9. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How birds find and store food
(B) How birds maintain body heat in the winter
(C) Why birds need to establish territory
(D) Why some species of birds nest together

10. The word “conserve ”in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) retain
(B) watch
(C) locate
(D) share

11. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by
(A) huddling together on the ground with other birds
(B) building nests in trees
(C) burrowing into dense patches of vegetation
(D) digging tunnels into the snow




12. The word “magnified”in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) caused
(B) modified
(C) intensified
(D) combined

13. The author mentions kinglets in line 9 as an example of birds that
(A) protect themselves by nesting in holes
(B) nest with other species of birds
(C) nest together for warmth
(D) usually feed and nest in pairs

14. The word “forage”in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) fly
(B) assemble
(C) feed
(D) rest

15. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is true?
(A) The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.
(B) The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.
(C) The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.
(D) The common kestrel nests in trees; the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.

16. The word “counteracted”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) suggested
(B) negated
(C) measured
(D) shielded

17. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived
by birds that huddle together while sleeping?
(A) Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.
(B) Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock
(C) Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are
looking for food.
(D) Several members of the flock care for the young.

18. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in
the passage?
(A) Diseases easily spread among the birds.
(B) Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds.
(C) Food supplies are quickly depleted.
(D) Some birds in the group will attack the others.

19. The word “they”in line 25 refers to
(A) a few birds (B) mass roosts
(C) predators (D) trees


Tetap semangat dan terus tingkatkan kemampuan Anda dalam berbahasa Inggris.
Semoga tips dari saya bisa membantu Anda semua.
Salam sukses..!
See you on TOP!!
READ MORE - Test 1 Question 9 - 19

Test 1 Question 1-8

Test 1
Question 1-8
With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of
modern sculpture in the United States. Direct carving ― in which the sculptors
themselves carve stone or wood with mallet and chisel ― must be recognized as
Line something more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well :
(5) that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which
sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example,
sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even
dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter.
The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in
(10) which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was
then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble. Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily
conceding that the assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving
the finished marble.
(15) With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional
sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new
urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. Even
as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist European artists were attempting
direct carving. By the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans ― Laurent
(20) and Zorach most notably ― had adopted it as their primary means of working.
Born in France, Robert Laurent(1890-1970)was a prodigy who received his
education in the United States. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art
dealer, and in the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered
primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.
(25) Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The
Priestess, which reveals his fascination with African, pre-Columbian, and South
Pacific art. Taking a walnut plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design.
It is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in American sculpture. The plank's
form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must
(30) have appealed to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that required a
sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.



1. The word “medium”in line 5 could be used to refer to
(A) stone or wood
(B) mallet and chisel
(C) technique
(D) principle

2. What is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving?
(A) A sculptor must work with talented assistants.
(B) The subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.
(C) The material is an important element in a sculpture.
(D) Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it.

3. The word “dictates” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) reads aloud (B) determines
(C) includes (D) records


4. How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition
of sculpture?
(A) Sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.
(B) Sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources.
(C) Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools.
(D) Sculptors receive more formal training.

5.The word “witnessed” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) influenced
(B) studied
(C) validated
(D) observed

6. Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve?
(A) New York
(B) Africa
(C) The South Pacific
(D) Paris

7. The phrase “a break with ”in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) a destruction of
(B) a departure from
(C) a collapse of
(D) a solution to

8. The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
(A) The design is stylized.
(B) It is made of marble.
(C) The carving is not deep.
(D) It depicts the front of a person.


Tetap semangat dan terus tingkatkan kemampuan Anda dalam berbahasa Inggris.
Semoga tips dari saya bisa membantu Anda semua.
Salam sukses..!
See you on TOP!!
READ MORE - Test 1 Question 1-8